Unitary Matrix

A unitary matrix is a special kind of mathematical object used in linear algebra, especially in quantum mechanics and related fields. It’s a square matrix (like a grid of numbers) that, when multiplied by its own conjugate transpose (a version with certain complex conjugations and transpositions), results in the identity matrix (a matrix with ones on the diagonal and zeros elsewhere). This property means the matrix preserves lengths and angles, functioning like a perfect rotation or reflection in complex space. In essence, unitary matrices maintain the overall structure and "information" of systems they transform.