underwater excavation methods

Underwater excavation involves removing soil or rock from beneath water, often for construction or maintenance. Techniques include using specialized equipment like hydraulic excavators with waterproofed components, cutting or loosening materials with high-pressure water jets called jetting, and dredging, which involves scooping or suctioning sediment through pipes. Sometimes, a tremie method is used, where concrete is poured underwater to form foundations. These methods are carefully planned to ensure safety, prevent environmental impact, and maintain stability of the surrounding structures. Advances in technology have improved precision and efficiency, making underwater excavation safer and more effective.