Underdetermination

Underdetermination occurs when evidence is insufficient to conclusively support one theory over others. In the context of probability, it suggests that multiple models or explanations can account for the same set of data. For example, if different probabilities produce similar predictions, we may not be able to determine which is the best description of reality. This highlights the limits of our knowledge: given the same facts, various theories may remain plausible, challenging the idea that evidence can always lead us to a uniquely correct conclusion.