Ultrahigh Vacuum

Ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) refers to an environment with extremely low pressure, typically below 10^-9 torr. This creates conditions where almost all air and gas molecules are removed, allowing scientists to study surfaces, materials, or conduct experiments without interference from air molecules. UHV is achieved using advanced pumping systems and meticulous cleaning processes, ensuring a near-empty space. It is essential in fields like semiconductor manufacturing, surface science, and particle physics, where even tiny amounts of residual gases can affect the accuracy or quality of results.