Ultra-high vacuum (UHV)

Ultra-high vacuum (UHV) refers to a space environment with extremely low pressure, typically below 10^-9 pascals. This means there are very few gas molecules present, allowing scientists to study or manipulate materials without interference from air or contaminants. UHV is essential in fields like surface science, electron microscopy, and particle accelerators, where even tiny amounts of residual gases can affect experiments. Achieving UHV involves sophisticated pumping systems and careful chamber design to remove nearly all air, creating a near-perfect vacuum to enable precise and uncontaminated investigations.