Ultra-high vacuum

Ultra-high vacuum (UHV) is a state where air and other gases are removed from a space to nearly complete emptiness, typically below 10^-9 atmospheres. This exceptionally low pressure minimizes particles that could interfere with sensitive experiments or manufacturing processes, such as in semiconductor fabrication or scientific research. Achieving UHV involves sophisticated pumps and meticulous chamber design to eliminate residual gases and contaminants. It allows scientists and engineers to study materials and phenomena in a nearly frictionless environment, ensuring precision and accuracy in their work.