Turkish media history

Turkish media history has evolved through periods of liberalization and state control. Early newspapers emerged in the late Ottoman Empire, often influenced by political movements. The Republic of Turkey (established in 1923) initially promoted a government-controlled press, but over time, media expanded and diversified. Military coups and political shifts led to periods of censorship, yet also sparked underground and independent outlets. Today, Turkey has a vibrant, but complex media landscape characterized by both significant freedom and challenges, such as government influence and ownership concentration. The history reflects ongoing tensions between freedom of expression and political authority in shaping public discourse.