Turbulent/non-premixed flames

Turbulent, non-premixed flames occur when fuel and oxidizer (like air) mix unevenly and rapidly in a chaotic flow, causing intense mixing and combustion. Unlike premixed flames where fuel and air are combined before burning, non-premixed flames rely on the fuel and oxidizer meeting within the flame zone. Turbulence adds chaotic motion, which enhances mixing efficiency, leading to complex, flickering flames often seen in industrial burners or combustion engines. This type of flame is characterized by high heat release, irregular shapes, and dynamic behaviors due to the turbulent mixing process.