Turbulent diffusion

Turbulent diffusion is the process by which particles, gases, or substances spread out in a fluid (like air or water) due to chaotic, swirling motions called turbulence. Unlike smooth, steady flow, turbulence mixes things quickly and unpredictably, helping substances disperse more rapidly over larger areas. For example, in the atmosphere, turbulence helps pollutants from a factory spread out and dilute more effectively than slow, smooth flow would allow. This mixing enhances the rate at which substances distribute, making turbulent diffusion a key factor in natural and engineered systems for spreading heat, pollutants, or nutrients.