turbulence in fluid dynamics

Turbulence in fluid dynamics refers to chaotic, irregular flow characterized by unpredictable changes in speed, pressure, and direction of the fluid. Unlike smooth, steady flow, turbulence involves swirling vortices and eddies that mix the fluid intensely. It occurs when the inertial forces within the fluid overcome its internal friction, often at high velocities or around obstacles. Turbulence plays a crucial role in natural phenomena and engineering applications, influencing weather patterns, aerodynamics, and pipe flows. Despite its complexity, understanding turbulence helps in designing more efficient systems and predicting fluid behavior in real-world environments.