TSI (Technical Specifications for Interoperability)

The Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI) are detailed rules and standards that ensure trains and railway systems across different regions or countries operate seamlessly together. Think of it as a common language that enables various train components—like signaling, power, and safety systems—to work together smoothly, regardless of where they are made or operated. This interoperability improves safety, efficiency, and flexibility, allowing trains to move across borders without technical issues. Essentially, TSIs create a unified framework so different railway systems can connect, communicate, and function as a single, cohesive network.