Trophic Cascade Theory

Trophic Cascade Theory describes how changes at one level of the food chain can have ripple effects throughout an entire ecosystem. For example, if predators like wolves reduce the number of herbivores such as deer, plant populations like trees and shrubs can recover and thrive. Conversely, removing predators allows herbivores to overconsume vegetation, leading to habitat degradation. These cascading effects demonstrate interconnectedness: shifts at the top influence middle and bottom levels, shaping ecosystem structure, biodiversity, and health. It highlights the importance of predators in maintaining balanced, resilient ecosystems.