traditional blacksmithing techniques

Traditional blacksmithing involves shaping heated metal, typically iron or steel, by repeatedly heating it in a forge until malleable, then hammering it on an anvil to form desired shapes. The blacksmith controls temperature and carbon content to influence metal strength and flexibility. Techniques include drawing out (lengthening), upsetting (thickening), bending, punching, and twisting. Quenching—cooling the metal quickly in water or oil—can harden it, while reheating and hammering refine the shape. Blacksmithing emphasizes skillful manipulation of heat, force, and cooling to create functional tools, hardware, and artistic pieces.