Toynbee's Challenge and Response Theory

Toynbee's Challenge and Response Theory suggests that civilizations grow and decline based on how they face challenges. When a civilization encounters difficulties, its ability to respond creatively and adaptively determines its survival and progress. Successful responses lead to growth and development, while failure to address challenges can cause decline or collapse. Essentially, the theory emphasizes that overcoming obstacles through innovation and resilience is key to a civilization's vitality over time.