topological states of matter

Topological states of matter are special phases that exhibit unique properties due to the way their particles' behavior is linked to the material's overall shape or structure, rather than just local chemistry. These states are robust against disturbances like defects or impurities, making them interesting for technologies like quantum computing. Think of them as "knots" in the material's electronic structure—similar to how a knot in a piece of string remains tied no matter how you twist or stretch it. This topological nature gives rise to protected surface or edge states that can carry current without loss.