tikanga Māori (Māori customs)

Tikanga Māori are the traditional customs and protocols that guide Māori cultural practices and social interactions. They encompass beliefs, values, and behaviors that uphold respect, mana (prestige), and relationships with people, the environment, and spiritual entities. Tikanga inform how Māori greet, show respect at gatherings, settle disputes, and conduct ceremonies like pōwhiri (welcome rituals). These customs are deeply rooted in Māori history and worldview, emphasizing harmony, reverence for ancestors, and connection to the land and natural resources. Tikanga serve to maintain social cohesion and affirm Māori identity within both traditional and contemporary contexts.