Tianshi (Celestial Masters)

Tianshi, or Celestial Masters, is an ancient Chinese religious movement founded in the 2nd century CE by Zhang Daoling. It combines Taoist teachings with religious practices aimed at spiritual harmony, health, and societal well-being. The movement emphasizes moral conduct, rituals, and communion with celestial deities to promote harmony between humans and nature. Tianshi developed organized clergy and ritual systems, influencing Chinese spirituality, medicine, and governance. Today, it remains a significant Taoist tradition, blending spiritual practices with cultural heritage and emphasizing moral virtue and harmony with the cosmos.