three Rs (Reduction, Replacement, Refinement)

The three Rs—Reduction, Replacement, and Refinement—are guiding principles in ethical animal research. Reduction means using the fewest animals possible to achieve valid results, minimizing overall animal use. Replacement involves substituting animal methods with alternative techniques, like computer models or cell cultures, whenever feasible. Refinement focuses on modifying procedures to lessen pain, suffering, and distress for animals involved. Together, these principles promote responsible research by balancing scientific progress with compassion, ensuring that animal welfare is prioritized while still obtaining necessary data.