Thomson's theorem

Thomson's theorem states that in a static electric field, the distribution of electric charge on a conductor's surface arranges itself in such a way that the electrostatic potential is the same everywhere inside the conductor. This means all excess charge resides on the outer surface, and the electric potential within the conductor is uniform. The theorem highlights that charges move until they reach an equilibrium configuration that minimizes the system's overall energy, resulting in a stable electric state with no electric field inside the conductor.