thin-film deposition techniques

Thin-film deposition techniques are methods used to create very thin layers of materials—often only a few atoms thick—on a surface. These processes are essential in manufacturing electronics, solar panels, and coatings. Techniques include physical methods like sputtering and evaporation, where material is vaporized and then settles onto a surface, and chemical methods like chemical vapor deposition, where chemical reactions form the film. The goal is to control the film's thickness, uniformity, and properties, enabling precise manufacturing of advanced devices and protective coatings with specific functionalities.