Thermoelectrics

Thermoelectrics are devices that convert heat energy directly into electricity and vice versa. They work based on the Seebeck effect, where a temperature difference across a material creates an electric voltage, and the Peltier effect, where passing current causes heating or cooling at junctions. This technology enables power generation from waste heat, such as industrial exhaust or vehicle engines, and provides cooling without moving parts or fluids. Thermoelectric materials are often semiconductors, and their efficiency depends on their ability to conduct electricity well while blocking heat flow, making them promising for energy savings and environmental applications.