Thermoelectric effect

The thermoelectric effect is a phenomenon where a temperature difference across a material generates an electric voltage. When one part of a conductive material is heated while another is cooler, electrons move from the hot side to the cold side, creating an electric current. Conversely, applying an electric voltage can produce a temperature difference, causing heat to flow. This effect allows devices like thermoelectric generators to convert waste heat into electricity or thermoelectric coolers to provide precise cooling, making use of heat or electrical energy efficiently without moving parts.