thermal protection systems

Thermal protection systems (TPS) are specialized materials and coatings used on spacecraft to shield them from the intense heat generated during re-entry into Earth's atmosphere or when exposed to extreme heat in space. These systems insulate and dissipate heat, preventing the spacecraft from burning up or suffering structural damage. They include ablative materials that gradually burn away, carrying heat with them, and insulating tiles and blankets that reflect or absorb heat. TPS are crucial for ensuring the safety of astronauts and the integrity of spacecraft during high-temperature conditions.