Theories of ancient civilizations

Theories of ancient civilizations explore how early societies developed complex cultures. Some suggest agriculture and trade led to urban growth, while others propose that social or religious needs drove societal organization. Environmental factors, like climate change or resource availability, also played roles. Additionally, theories consider internal influences, such as political power or technological innovations, and external pressures, like invasions. These ideas help us understand why civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley emerged, grew, and declined, highlighting a mix of economic, environmental, social, and technological factors shaping human history.