The universality class

A universality class is a way scientists categorize different physical systems that behave similarly when undergoing phase transitions, like turning from liquid to gas. Despite differences in material details, systems in the same class share common patterns in their behavior near these transitions. Think of it as grouping different ingredients that produce the same kind of cake batter—regardless of the ingredients' specifics, the batter's rising behavior follows similar rules. This concept helps researchers predict complex behaviors across various systems by studying just a few representative models within each class.