The "Two Presidencies" Theory

The "Two Presidencies" Theory, developed by political scientist Aaron Wildavsky, suggests that within U.S. politics, the President has more influence in foreign policy than in domestic affairs. This is because Americans generally support strong leadership internationally during crises or conflicts, giving the President more leeway abroad. Conversely, on domestic issues, the President faces more opposition from Congress and the public, limiting their power. Essentially, the theory highlights a double standard: Presidents tend to be more effective and decisive on international matters than on internal policy, reflecting differing political dynamics in these two realms.