the twelve-tone technique

The twelve-tone technique is a method of composing music where all twelve notes of the chromatic scale are used equally, avoiding traditional tonal centers. The composer creates a specific sequence called a "tone row," which serves as the foundation for the piece. This row can be played forward, backward, or in inversion, ensuring each note is used without repetition until all twelve are heard. This approach produces a balanced, atonal sound, emphasizing structural coherence over traditional melodies and harmonies. It was developed by Arnold Schoenberg in the early 20th century to expand expressive possibilities beyond conventional tonality.