"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" (book by Thomas Kuhn)

"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by Thomas Kuhn introduces the idea that science progresses through periodic paradigm shifts rather than a steady accumulation of knowledge. Normal science operates within a shared framework (paradigm), solving puzzles and refining understanding. When anomalies—observations that contradict the paradigm—mount up, they can lead to a scientific crisis, eventually resulting in a revolutionary change where a new paradigm replaces the old. This shift redefines how scientists understand the world and directs future research. Kuhn’s concept highlights that scientific progress is not just logical but also influenced by social and historical factors.