the separate spheres doctrine

The separate spheres doctrine was a traditional belief that men and women had distinct roles: men in the public, work-oriented sphere and women in the private, family-oriented sphere. It implied that women’s primary responsibilities were domestic and nurturing, while men were responsible for earning a living and civic duties. This idea supported gender separation in social, legal, and economic contexts, often limiting women's rights and opportunities outside the home. Over time, the doctrine was challenged as society moved toward gender equality and recognition of women's autonomy beyond traditional roles.