The Science of Drug Abuse and Addiction

Drug abuse and addiction involve complex changes in the brain's chemistry and functioning. Drugs alter the reward system, releasing large amounts of dopamine—the feel-good chemical—creating intense pleasure. Over time, the brain adapts, reducing natural dopamine production and making it harder to feel pleasure without the drug. This leads to cravings, dependency, and difficulty controlling use. Addiction is a chronic condition characterized by compulsive drug seeking despite harmful consequences. Understanding these biological changes helps explain why overcoming addiction requires more than willpower—it often needs medical and psychological support to restore brain balance.