The Quantum Hall Effect

The Quantum Hall Effect occurs when electrons are confined in a very thin, two-dimensional material and exposed to a strong magnetic field at very low temperatures. Under these conditions, the electrons move in discrete, well-defined paths, causing the electrical resistance across the material to become precisely quantized—meaning it jumps at certain values rather than changing smoothly. This phenomenon demonstrates fundamental quantum properties of electrons and has led to deep insights in physics, as well as precise measurements for electrical standards. It showcases how quantum mechanics can manifest in macroscopic, measurable effects under specific conditions.