The Physics of the LEO Environment

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is a region close to Earth, about 160 to 2,000 kilometers above the surface, where satellites travel at high speeds. In this environment, objects face increased atmospheric particles, even at high altitude, causing drag that gradually slows spacecraft. They also encounter radiation from the Van Allen belts, which can interfere with electronics. Additionally, temperature varies widely—from scorching heat in sunlight to freezing darkness—and objects experience microgravity, affecting their movement and operations. Understanding these conditions is crucial for designing durable spacecraft and ensuring their proper functioning in LEO.