The Ottoman Caliphate

The Ottoman Caliphate was a powerful Islamic state that emerged in the late 13th century and lasted until the early 20th century. It was led by the Ottoman Empire, which expanded across Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. The Caliphate represented Islamic leadership, with the Sultan as both a political and spiritual leader, claiming succession from the Prophet Muhammad. The empire is known for its rich cultural contributions, diverse population, and architectural achievements, like the Hagia Sophia. The Caliphate officially ended in 1924, following the empire's collapse after World War I, marking a significant shift in the Muslim world.