"The Mutualism of Ants and Plants" (paper)

"The Mutualism of Ants and Plants" describes a mutually beneficial relationship where ants and plants support each other. Plants provide ants with food (like nectar) and shelter (such as hollow thorns or cavities). In return, ants protect the plants from herbivores and harmful insects, often preventing damage and promoting healthier growth. This relationship enhances the survival and reproductive success of both parties, illustrating a specialized form of cooperation in nature. Such mutualisms highlight the interconnectedness of ecosystems and how different species can evolve partnership strategies that benefit each other.