The Logic of Political Violence (theory by James D. Fearon)

James D. Fearon’s theory of political violence suggests that conflicts often occur because groups or leaders believe the costs of fighting are lower than the costs of backing down or negotiating, especially when the risks and consequences of violence are uncertain. It emphasizes strategic incentives: parties want to maximize their own gains or survival, and violence becomes a tool when they think it’s the best way to achieve their goals or extract concessions. The theory highlights that violence is driven more by strategic calculations and perceptions of the costs and benefits than by pure ideology or emotion.