The History of the Progress and Termination of the Roman Republic

The Roman Republic began around 509 BCE, characterized by a system where elected officials, like senators and consuls, governed with checks and balances. Over time, social and political conflicts arose, especially between wealthy elites and common citizens, leading to power struggles. Prominent leaders like Julius Caesar gained significant influence, ultimately undermining republican institutions. Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon in 49 BCE signaled the end of the Republic, leading to his dictatorship. His assassination in 44 BCE triggered civil wars, culminating in the rise of Augustus, who established the Roman Empire in 27 BCE, officially ending the Republic and beginning imperial rule.