the fragility of complex systems

Complex systems, such as economies, ecosystems, or large organizations, consist of many interconnected parts. Their fragility arises because a small disturbance or failure in one part can quickly spread, causing widespread disruption. These systems often rely on delicate balances and feedback loops, so slight changes or unexpected events can lead to unforeseen and significant consequences. This interconnectedness means that while they are resilient to some shocks, they can also be surprisingly vulnerable to specific risks, making them sensitive and prone to cascading failures when stressed beyond certain points.