The Four Horsemen (John Gottman's concept)

The Four Horsemen, a concept by John Gottman, describe four negative communication patterns that predict relationship failure: Criticism (attacking a partner’s character), Contempt (showing disrespect or disdain), Defensiveness (responding to perceived attacks with excuses), and Stonewalling (withdrawal or shutting down emotionally). These behaviors undermine trust and intimacy, making conflicts worse over time. Recognizing and addressing these patterns can help couples improve their communication and strengthen their relationship.