The Evolution of Mutualism

The evolution of mutualism describes how two different species develop a relationship where both benefit. Over time, if cooperating increases their chances of survival and reproduction, natural selection favors these partnerships. For example, certain plants and pollinating insects rely on each other—plants provide nectar, and insects help with pollination. Such mutualistic relationships can become more specialized and enduring if they consistently offer advantages. This process illustrates how interactions that boost the well-being of both species can evolve gradually, shaping close biological connections that are vital for their survival and ecological balance.