The do-Calculus

Do-Calculus is a mathematical framework used to understand how changing one variable (doing an intervention) affects others in a system, especially in complex networks like social or medical systems. Unlike regular observations, where we see correlations, do-calculus isolates cause-and-effect relationships by simulating hypothetical interventions—like setting a variable to a specific value. This helps determine if changing one factor truly influences another, guiding better decision-making and policy design in situations where many factors interact dynamically.