The Carbonate System

The carbonate system refers to the balance of carbon dioxide (CO2), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and carbonate ions (CO32-) in natural waters, including oceans. This system plays a crucial role in regulating pH and maintaining stable environments for marine life. When CO2 dissolves in water, it forms carbonic acid, which can further break down into bicarbonate and carbonate. This dynamic helps control acidity and supports the formation of shells and coral. Changes in the carbonate system, often due to increased CO2 from human activities, can lead to ocean acidification, impacting ecosystems and biodiversity.