The 1831 edition of Frankenstein

The 1831 edition of *Frankenstein* is a revised version of Mary Shelley’s original 1818 novel. It features a more Gothic tone, a more developed narrative structure, and a different opening letter. Shelley's revisions deepen the themes of responsibility and moral consequences of scientific hubris. The language becomes more polished, and some characters’ motives and backgrounds are clarified. Overall, the 1831 edition refines the story’s emotional and philosophical impact, emphasizing the dangers of unchecked scientific exploration and the importance of empathy and ethical responsibility.