TeVeS (Tensor–Vector–Scalar Gravity)

TeVeS (Tensor–Vector–Scalar Gravity) is a theory that modifies Einstein’s general relativity to explain cosmic phenomena without dark matter. It introduces additional fields—a vector field and a scalar field—alongside the usual spacetime curvature to account for galaxy rotation curves and galaxy cluster dynamics. These extra fields alter gravity’s behavior on large scales, making it stronger in certain regions. TeVeS aims to unify observations of the universe with a theory that avoids unseen dark matter, providing a different perspective on cosmic structure while remaining consistent with key principles of relativity.