Tephra Fallout

Tephra fallout refers to the ash, pumice, and fragmented volcanic rock ejected during an eruption that falls back to the Earth's surface. When a volcano erupts explosively, these particles are propelled into the atmosphere and eventually settle on the ground, covering surrounding areas. The size of tephra particles influences how far they travel—larger pieces fall closer to the volcano, while finer ash can drift over great distances. This fallout can impact air quality, disrupt transportation, affect agriculture, and pose health hazards to people and animals in affected regions.