technosphere

The technosphere refers to the global network of human-made systems, technologies, and infrastructure that shape our environment—such as cities, transportation, communication networks, energy grids, and manufacturing. It represents the collective physical and organizational structures created by humans that interact with Earth's natural systems. Essentially, the technosphere is the extensive "human-built" layer that influences the planet’s ecology, climate, and resources, functioning alongside natural processes but driven entirely by human innovation and activity.