Techniques of lithography

Lithography techniques involve transferring a pattern onto a surface to create microchips or electronic components. This process typically starts with a flat surface coated with a light-sensitive material called a photoresist. Using masks or direct writing methods, specific areas are exposed to light or other forms of energy, which alters the resist’s properties. The unexposed areas are then etched away or protected, leaving a precise pattern. Techniques vary, including photolithography (using light), electron-beam lithography (using electron beams), and nanoimprint lithography (pressing a mold onto the surface). These methods enable the fabrication of incredibly small, detailed structures vital for modern electronics.