Taleb's black swan theory

Taleb's Black Swan theory describes rare, unpredictable events with massive impact that are often rationalized after they occur. These events are beyond normal expectations, difficult to foresee due to limited information, and tend to seem obvious only in hindsight. Examples include major financial crashes or groundbreaking discoveries. The theory emphasizes that such black swan events are not just anomalies but integral to understanding complexity and change in systems. Recognizing their potential helps individuals and organizations better prepare for unexpected, transformative surprises rather than assuming the world follows predictable patterns.