t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE)

t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) is a technique used to visualize complex, high-dimensional data in a simpler, two- or three-dimensional plot. It works by modeling the similarities between data points—placing similar ones close together and dissimilar ones farther apart—while preserving local structures. t-SNE then projects this information onto a lower-dimensional space, revealing patterns or groupings that might be hidden in the original data. It’s especially useful for exploring large datasets, such as images or genetic data, to identify clusters, outliers, or underlying relationships visually.