Systems of Systems (SoS)

A System of Systems (SoS) is a collection of independent but interconnected systems that work together to achieve complex, larger-scale objectives. Each individual system operates on its own, but when combined, they create a more capable, flexible, and robust entity. Examples include a transportation network integrating cars, trains, and traffic management, or military systems coordinating various sensors, communications, and vehicles. SoS emphasizes collaboration, interoperability, and aggregate functionality beyond what any single system can accomplish alone, enabling more advanced solutions for complex challenges.