Systems of Systems

A System of Systems (SoS) is a collection of independent, smaller systems that come together to form a larger, more complex system. Each individual system functions on its own, but when integrated, they work collaboratively to achieve goals that wouldn’t be possible alone. Examples include a national transportation network or the internet, where various subsystems like roads, trains, and communication networks operate independently yet interact seamlessly within the larger system. SoS are characterized by their complexity, diversity, and the need for coordination among different components to deliver overall functionality.